Advertisement
Review Article| Volume 5, ISSUE 1, P107-125, January 2010

Imaging Pathophysiology and Neuroplasticity After Stroke

      Keywords

      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to PET Clinics
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Broderick J.
        • Brott T.
        • Kothari R.
        • et al.
        The Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study: preliminary first-ever and total incidence rates of stroke amount blacks.
        Stroke. 1998; 29: 415-421
        • Anderson T.P.
        Studies up to 1980 on stroke rehabilitation outcomes.
        Stroke. 1990; 21: 1143-1145
      1. Sawner K. LaVigne J. Brunnstrom's movement therapy in hemiplegia: a neurophysiological approach. 2nd edition. Lippincott, Philadelphia1992
        • deBode S.
        • Firestine A.
        • Mathern G.W.
        • et al.
        Residual motor control and cortical representations of function following hemispherectomy: effects of etiology.
        J Child Neurol. 2005; 20: 64-75
        • Raichle M.E.
        Measurement of local cerebral blood flow and metabolism in man with positron emission tomography.
        Fed Proc. 1981; 40: 2331-2334
        • Baron J.C.
        • Bousser M.G.
        • Comar D.
        • et al.
        Noninvasive tomographic study of cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism in vivo. Potentials, limitations, and clinical applications in cerebral ischemic disorders.
        Eur Neurol. 1981; 20: 273-274
        • Sokoloff L.
        • Reivich M.
        • Kennedy C.
        • et al.
        The [14C]deoxyglucose method for the measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization: theory, procedure, and normal values in the conscious and anesthetized albino rat.
        J Neurochem. 1977; 28: 897-916
        • Raichle M.E.
        • Martin W.R.W.
        • Herscovitch P.
        • et al.
        Brain blood flow measured with intravenous H215O.
        J Nucl Med. 1983; 24: 790-798
        • Nemoto E.M.
        • Yonas H.
        • Pindzola R.R.
        • et al.
        PET OEF reactivity for hemodynamic compromise in occlusive vascular disease.
        J Neuroimaging. 2007; 17: 54-60
        • Dong Y.
        • Fukuyama H.
        • Nabatame H.
        • et al.
        Assessment of benzodiazepine receptors using iodine-123-labeled iomazenil single-photon emission computed tomography in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease: a comparison with PET study.
        Stroke. 1997; 28: 1776-1782
        • Sasaki M.
        • Ichiya Y.
        • Kuwabara Y.
        • et al.
        Benzodiazepine receptors in chronic cerebrovascular disease: comparison with blood flow and metabolism.
        J Nucl Med. 1997; 38: 1693-1698
        • Read S.J.
        • Hirano T.
        • Abbott D.F.
        • et al.
        Identifying hypoxic tissue after acute ischemic stroke using PET and 18F-fluoromisonidazole.
        Neurology. 1998; 51: 1617-1621
        • Read S.J.
        • Hirano T.
        • Abbott D.F.
        • et al.
        The fate of hypoxic tissue on 18F-fluoromisonidazole positron emission tomography after ischemic stroke.
        Ann Neurol. 2000; 48: 228-235
        • Huang S.C.
        • Phelps M.E.
        • Hoffman E.J.
        • et al.
        Noninvasive determination of local cerebral metabolic rate of glucose in man.
        Am J Physiol. 1980; 238: E69-E82
        • Mintun M.A.
        • Raichle M.E.
        • Martin W.R.
        • et al.
        Brain oxygen utilization measured with O-15 radiotracers and positron emission tomography.
        J Nucl Med. 1984; 25: 177-187
        • Mountz J.M.
        • Deutsch G.
        • Khan S.H.
        An atlas of regional cerebral blood flow changes in stroke imaged by Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT with corresponding anatomic image comparison.
        Clin Nucl Med. 1993; 18: 1067-1082
        • Mountz J.M.
        • Deutsch G.
        • Kuzniecky R.
        • et al.
        Nuclear medicine annual.
        in: Freeman L.M. Brain SPECT: 1994 update. Raven Press, New York1994: 1-54
        • Deutsch G.
        • Mountz J.M.
        • Liu H.G.
        • et al.
        Cerebrovascular stress tests in parenchymal versus vascular disease.
        J Nucl Med. 1996; 37: 37-88
        • Rogers R.L.
        • Meyer J.S.
        • Mortel K.F.
        • et al.
        Age-related reductions in cerebral vasomotor reactivity and the law of initial value: a 4-year prospective longitudinal study.
        J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1985; 5: 79-85
        • Bonte F.J.
        • Devous M.D.
        • Reisch J.S.
        • et al.
        The effect of acetazolamide on regional cerebral blood flow in patients with Alzheimer's disease or stroke as measured by SPECT.
        Invest Radiol. 1989; 24: 99-103
        • Deutsch G.
        • Halsey Jr., J.H.
        • Harrell L.E.
        Regional CO2 reactivity of cortical blood flow in Alzheimer's disease.
        J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1991; 11: S22
        • Yudd A.P.
        • Van Heertum R.L.
        • Masdeu J.C.
        Interventions and functional brain imaging.
        Semin Nucl Med. 1991; 21: 153-158
        • Nemoto E.M.
        • Yonas H.
        • Chang Y.
        Stages and thresholds of hemodynamic failure.
        Stroke. 2003; 34: 2-6
        • Powers W.J.
        • Press G.A.
        • Grubb Jr., R.L.
        • et al.
        The effect of hemodynamically significant carotid artery disease on the hemodynamic status of the cerebral circulation.
        Ann Intern Med. 1987; 106: 27-34
        • Derdeyn C.P.
        • Videen T.O.
        • Yundt K.D.
        • et al.
        Variability of cerebral blood volume and oxygen extraction: stages of cerebral haemodynamic impairment revisited.
        Brain. 2002; 125: 595-607
        • Baron J.C.
        • Bousser M.G.
        • Rey A.
        • et al.
        Reversal of focal “misery-perfusion syndrome” by extra-intracranial arterial bypass in hemodynamic cerebral ischemia. A case study with 150 positron emission tomography.
        Stroke. 1981; 12: 454-459
        • Heiss W.-D.
        • Graf R.
        • Grond M.
        • et al.
        Measurements of acute stroke events and outcome: present practice and future hope.
        Cerebrovasc Dis. 1998; 8: 23
      2. Heiss W-D. Systemic rtPA in patients with acute ischemic stroke. 2nd Virtual Congress of Cardiology. Germany, 1998. Available at: http://www.fac.org.ar/scvc/llave/stroke/heiss/heissi.htm. Accessed December 8, 2009.

        • Heiss W.-D.
        • Thiel A.
        • Grond M.
        • et al.
        Which targets are relevant for therapy of acute ischemic stroke?.
        Stroke. 1999; 30: 1486-1489
        • Lo E.H.
        A new penumbra: transitioning from injury into repair after stroke.
        Nat Med. 2008; 14: 497-500
        • Sette G.
        • Baron J.C.
        • Young A.R.
        • et al.
        In vivo mapping of brain benzodiazepine receptor changes by positron emission tomography after focal ischemia in the anesthetized baboon.
        Stroke. 1993; 24: 2046-2057
        • Nakagawara J.
        • Sperling B.
        • Lassen N.A.
        Incomplete brain infarction of reperfused cortex may be quantified with iomazenil.
        Stroke. 1997; 28: 1124-1132
        • Heiss W.-D.
        • Kracht L.
        • Grond M.
        • et al.
        Early [11C]flumazenil/H2O positron emission tomography predicts irreversible ischemic cortical damage in stroke patients receiving acute thrombolytic therapy.
        Stroke. 2000; 31: 366-369
        • Yamauchi H.
        • Kudoh T.
        • Kishibe Y.
        • et al.
        Selective neuronal damage and borderzone infarction in carotid artery occlusive disease: a 11C-flumazenil PET study.
        J Nucl Med. 2005; 46: 1973-1979
        • Dirnagl U.
        • Iadecola C.
        • Moskowitz M.A.
        Pathobiology of ischemic stroke: an integrated view.
        Trends Neurosci. 1999; 22: 391-397
        • Markus R.
        • Reutens D.C.
        • Kazui S.
        • et al.
        Topography and temporal evolution of hypoxic viable tissue identified by 18F-fluoromisonidazole positron emission tomography in humans after ischemic stroke.
        Stroke. 2003; 34: 2646-2652
        • Seitz R.J.
        • Azari N.P.
        • Knorr U.
        • et al.
        The role of diaschisis in stroke recovery.
        Stroke. 1999; 30: 1844-1850
        • Calautti C.
        • Baron J.C.
        Functional neuroimaging studies of motor recovery after stroke in adults: a review.
        Stroke. 2003; 34: 1553-1566
        • Mountz J.M.
        • Liu H.G.
        • Deutsch G.
        Neuroimaging in cerebrovascular disorders: measurement of cerebral physiology after stroke and assessment of stroke recovery.
        Semin Nucl Med. 2003; 33: 56-76
        • Von Monakow C.
        Diaschisis, brain and behavior.
        in: Pribram K.H. Mood, states and mind. Penguin, Baltimore, MD1969: 27-36
        • Feeney D.M.
        • Baron J.C.
        Diaschisis.
        Stroke. 1986; 17: 817-830
        • Herold S.B.
        • Broen M.M.
        • Frackowiak R.S.
        • et al.
        Assessment of cerebral haemodynamic reserve: correlation between PET parameters and CO2 reactivity measured by the intravenous 133 xenon injection technique.
        J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 1988; 51: 1045-1050
        • Ackerman R.H.
        • Alpert N.M.
        • Correia J.A.
        • et al.
        Positron imaging in ischemic stroke disease.
        Ann Neurol. 1984; 15: S126-S130
        • Astrup J.
        • Siesjo B.K.
        • Symon L.
        Thresholds in cerebral ischemia: the ischemia penumbra.
        Stroke. 1981; 12: 723-725
        • Baron J.C.
        Positron tomography in cerebral ischemia: a review.
        Neuroradiology. 1985; 27: 509-516
        • Raynaud C.
        • Rancurel G.
        • Samson Y.
        • et al.
        Pathophysiologic study of chronic infarcts: the importance of the peri-infarct area.
        Stroke. 1987; 18: 21-29
        • Fiorelli M.
        • Blin J.
        • Bakchine S.
        • et al.
        PET studies of cortical diaschisis in patients with motor hemi-neglect.
        J Neurol Sci. 1991; 104: 135-142
        • Ginsberg M.D.
        • Reivich M.
        • Giandomenico A.
        • et al.
        Local glucose utilization in acute focal cerebral ischemia: local dysmetabolism and diaschisis.
        Neurology. 1977; 27: 1042-1048
        • Mountz J.M.
        A method of analysis of SPECT blood flow image data for comparison with computed tomography.
        Clin Nucl Med. 1989; 14: 192-196
        • Dierckx R.A.
        • Dobbeleir A.
        • Pickut B.A.
        • et al.
        Technetium-99m HMPAO SPET in acute supratentorial ischaemic infarction, expressing deficits as millilitre of zero perfusion.
        Eur J Nucl Med. 1995; 22: 427-433
        • Mountz J.M.
        • Modell J.G.
        • Foster N.L.
        • et al.
        Prognostication of recovery following stroke using the comparison of CT and Tc-99m HM-PAO SPECT.
        J Nucl Med. 1990; 31: 61-66
        • Kinsbourne M.
        The minor hemisphere as a source of aphasic speech.
        Arch Neurol. 1971; 25: 302-306
        • Papanicolaou A.C.
        • Moore B.
        • Deutsch G.
        • et al.
        Evidence for right hemisphere involvement in recovery from aphasia.
        Arch Neurol. 1988; 45: 1025-1029
        • Buckner R.L.
        • Corbetta M.
        • Schatz J.
        • et al.
        Preserved speech abilities and compensation following prefrontal damage.
        Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996; 93: 1249-1253
        • Ohyama M.
        • Senda M.
        • Kitamura S.
        • et al.
        Role of the nondominant hemisphere and undamaged area during word repetition in post-stroke aphasics.
        Stroke. 1996; 27: 897-903
        • Chu W.J.
        • San Pedro E.C.
        • Hetherington H.P.
        • et al.
        Post-stroke cerebral reorganization in human brain identified by 31 P MR spectroscopic imaging and F-18 FDG PET.
        J Magn Reson Imaging. 2002; 15: 1243-1248
        • Nudo R.J.
        • Wise B.M.
        • SiFuentes F.
        • et al.
        Neural substrates for the effects of rehabilitative training on motor recovery after ischemic infarct.
        Science. 1996; 272: 1791-1794
        • Taub E.
        Increasing behavioral plasticity following central nervous system damage in monkeys and man: A method with potential application to human developmental motor disability.
        in: Julesz B. Kovacs I. Maturational windows and adult cortical plasticity. Addison-Wesley, Redwood City (CA)1995: 201-215
        • Cauraugh J.H.
        • Summers J.J.
        Neural plasticity and bilateral movements: a rehabilitation approach for chronic stroke.
        Prog Neurobiol. 2005; 75: 309-320
        • Nudo R.J.
        • Plautz E.J.
        • Frost S.B.
        Role of adaptive plasticity in recovery of function after damage to motor cortex.
        Muscle Nerve. 2001; 24: 1000-1019
        • Dijkhuizen R.M.
        • Ren J.M.
        • Mandeville B.
        • et al.
        Functional magnetic resonance imaging of reorganization in rat brain after stroke.
        Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001; 98: 12766-12771
        • Thirumala P.
        • Hier D.B.
        • Patel P.
        Motor recovery after stroke: lessons from functional brain imaging.
        Neurol Res. 2002; 24: 453-458
        • Seitz R.J.
        • Freund H.J.
        Plasticity of the human motor cortex.
        Adv Neurol. 1997; 73: 321-333
        • Frost S.B.
        • Barbay S.
        • Friel K.M.
        • et al.
        Reorganization of remote cortical regions after ischemic brain injury: a potential substrate for stroke recovery.
        J Neurophysiol. 2003; 89: 3205-3214
        • Kwakkel G.
        • Kollen B.
        • Lindeman E.
        Understanding the pattern of functional recovery after stroke: facts and theories.
        Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2004; 22: 281-299
        • Kato H.
        • Izumiyama M.
        • Koizumi H.
        • et al.
        Near-infrared spectroscopic topography as a tool to monitor motor reorganization after hemiparetic stroke: a comparison with functional MRI.
        Stroke. 2002; 33: 2032-2036
        • Zemke A.C.
        • Heagerty P.J.
        • Lee B.A.
        • et al.
        Motor cortex organization after stroke is related to side of stroke and level of recovery.
        Stroke. 2003; 34: e23-e28
        • Cramer S.C.
        • Finklestein S.P.
        • Schaechter J.D.
        • et al.
        Activation of distinct motor cortex regions during ipsilateral and contralateral finger movements.
        J Neurophysiol. 1999; 81: 383-387
        • Nhan H.
        • Barquist K.
        • Bell K.
        • et al.
        Brain function early after stroke in relation to subsequent recovery.
        J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2004; 24: 756-763
        • Johansen-Berg H.
        • Dawed H.
        • Guy C.
        • et al.
        Correlation between motor improvements and altered fMRI activity during rehabilitative therapy.
        Brain. 2002; 125: 2731-2742
      3. Evans AC, Collins DL, Mills SR, et al. 3D statistical neuroanatomical models from 305 MRI volumes. Proc IEEE Nucl Sci Symp Med Imaging Conf 1993:1813–7.

        • Calautti C.
        • Leroy F.
        • Guincestre J.Y.
        • et al.
        Dynamics of motor network overactivation after striatocapsular stroke: a longitudinal PET study using a fixed-performance paradigm.
        Stroke. 2001; 32: 2534-2542
        • Calautti C.
        • Leroy F.
        • Guincestreb J.Y.
        • et al.
        Displacement of primary sensorimotor cortex activation after subcortical stroke: a longitudinal PET study with clinical correlation.
        Neuroimage. 2003; 19: 1650-1664
        • Loubinoux I.
        • Dechaumont-Palacin S.
        • Castel-Lacanal E.
        • et al.
        Prognostic value of fMRI in recovery of hand function in subcortical stroke patients.
        Cereb Cortex. 2007; 17: 2980-2987